1. American Association of University Professors. (2018). Data snapshot: Contingent faculty in US higher ed. [
Article]
2. Ashworth, P. D. (2016). The lifeworld – enriching qualitative evidence. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 13(1), 20-32. [
DOI]
3. Babcock, P. (2010). Real costs of nominal grade inflation? New evidence from student course evaluations. Economic Inquiry, 48(4), 983-996. [
DOI]
4. Barnes, N. (2014). Using Facebook for educational research: Choice, trials, reflection, and insight. Paper presented at the Joint AARE-NZARE 2014 Conference (pp. 1-8). [
Article]
5. Battistella, E., Kalyan, S., & Prior, J. C. (2010). Evaluation of methods and costs associated with recruiting healthy women volunteers to a study of ovulation. Journal of Women’s Health, 19(8), 1-6. [
DOI]
6. Blum, D. (2017). Nine potential solutions to abate grade inflation at regionally accredited online U.S. universities: An intrinsic case study. The Qualitative Report, 22(9), 2288-2311. [
DOI]
7. Burns, D. J., Smith, Y., & Starcher, K. (2015). Adjuncts and mission: Maintaining distinctives in an era of part-time faculty. Christian Business Academy Review, 10, 63-76. [
Article]
8. Carter, N., Bryant-Lukosius, D., DiCenso, A., Blythe, J., & Neville, A. J. (2014). The use of triangulation in qualitative research. Oncology Nursing Forum, 41(5), 545-547. [
DOI]
9. Caruth, G. D., & Caruth, D. L. (2013). Adjunct faculty: Who are these unsung heroes of academe? Current Issues in Education, 16(3). [
Article]
10. Chowdhury, F. (2018). Grade inflation: Causes, consequences and cure. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(6), 86-92. [
DOI]
11. Colaizzi, P. F. (1978). Psychological research as the phenomenologist views it. In R. S. Valle, & M. King (Eds.), Existential-Phenomenological Alternatives for Psychology (pp. 48-71). Oxford University Press.
12. Collins, D. (2020). The other academic dishonesty: Why grade inflation is ethically wrong. The Canadian Society for Study of Practical Ethics / Société Canadienne Pour L'étude De L'éthique Appliquée—SCEEA, 4, 1-24. [
Article]
13. Crumbley, D. L., Flinn, R., & Reichelt, K. J. (2012). Unethical and deadly symbiosis in higher education. Accounting Education, 21(3), 307-318. [
DOI]
14. Dolan, V. L. B. (2011). The isolation of online adjunct faculty and its impact on their performance. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 12(2), 63-77. [
DOI]
15. Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Agency theory: An assessment and review. The Academy of Management Review, 14(1), 57-74. [
DOI]
16. Finefter-Rosenbluh, I., & Levinson, M. (2015). What is wrong with grade inflation (if anything)? Philosophical Inquiry in Education, 23(1), 3-21. [
Article]
17. Forbes, M. O., Hickey, M. T., & White, J. (2010). Adjunct faculty development: Reported needs and innovative solutions. Journal of Professional Nursing, 26(2), 116-124. [
DOI]
18. Fruscione, J. (2014, July 25). When a college contracts ‘adjunctivitis,’ it’s the students who lose. PBS. [
Article]
19. Halcrow, C., & Olson, M. R. (2008). Adjunct faculty: Valued asset or cheap labor? Focus on Colleges, Universities, and Schools, 2(1), 1-8. [
Article]
20. Hensley, B. O. (2016). Adjunct faculty in a neoliberal age: The power of critical stories. [Unpublished dissertation] Illinois State University.
21. Hermanowicz, J. C., & Woodring, D. W. (2019). The distribution of college grades across fields in the contemporary university. Innovative Higher Education, 44(6), 497-510. [
DOI]
22. Hesseln, H., & Jackson, D. (2000). Academic inflation: the devaluation of a universıty degree. In M. R. Ryan & W. B. Kurtz (Eds.), Proceedings of the Third Biennial Conference on University Education in Natural Resources (pp. 112-127). Curators of the University of Missouri. [
Article]
23. Iris Franz, W. (2010). Grade inflation under the threat of students’ nuisance: Theory and evidence. Economics of Education Review, 29(3), 411-422. [
DOI]
24. Jenkins, R. (2014, December 15). Straight talk about ’adjunctification’. The Chronicle of Higher Education. [
Article]
25. Johnson, B. C., & Malone Jr, D. E. (2023). Not me, not here: Adjunct faculty perceptions of grade inflation at U.S. colleges and universities. American Journal of Qualitative Research, 7(2), 147-162. [
DOI]
26. Juola, A. E. (1976). Grade inflation in higher education: What can or should we do? Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of National Council on Measurement in Education, San Francisco, CA. [
Article]
27. Kezar, A. (2013). Changing faculty workforce models. TIAA-CREF Institute. [
Article]
28. Kirk, F. R., & Spector, C. A. (2009). A comparison of the achievement of students taught by full-time versus adjunct faculty in business courses. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, 13(2), 73-81. [
Article]
29. Klafter, C. E. (2019). Good grieve! America’s grade inflation culture. Academic Questions, 32(3), 328-333. [
Article]
30. Kostal, J. W., Kuncel, N. R., & Sackett, P. R. (2016). Grade inflation marches on: Grade increases from the 1990s to 2000s. Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice, 35(1), 11-20. [
DOI]
31. Lackey, L. W., & Lackey, W. J. (2006). Grade inflation: Potential causes and solutions. International Journal of Engineering Education, 22(1), 130-139. [
Article]
32. Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., & Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative Research Methods: A Data Collector’s Field Guide. Family Health International. [
Article]
33. Mantzoukas, S. (2008). Facilitating research students in formulating qualitative research questions. Nurse Education Today, 28(3), 371-377. [
DOI]
34. McCabe, J., & Powell, B. (2004). “In my class? No.”: Professors’ accounts of grade inflation. In W. E. Becker & M. L. Andrews (Eds.), The Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education: Contributions of Research Universities (pp. 193-219). Indiana University Press.
35. McConnell-Henry, T., Chapman, Y. B., & Francis, K. L. (2009). Unpacking Heideggerian phenomenology. Southern Online Journal of Nursing Research, 9(1), 1-11.
36. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2012). Phenomenology of Perception. Routledge.
37. Miller, G. J. (2005). The political evolution of principal-agent models. Annual Review of Political Science, 8(1), 203-225. [
DOI]
38. Mitchell, R., & Meacheam, D. (2011). Knowledge worker control: Understanding via principal and agency theory. The Learning Organization, 18(2), 149-160. [
DOI]
39. Mitnick, B. M. (1998). Agency theory. In R.E. Freeman and P.H. Werhane (Eds.) The Blackwell Encyclopedic Dictionary of Business Ethics, (pp. 12–15). Wiley-Blackwell.
40. Moore, M., & Trahan, R. (1998). Tenure status and grading practices. Sociological Perspectives, 41(4), 775-781. [
DOI]
41. Murray, D. S. (2019). The precarious new faculty majority: Communication and instruction research and contingent labor in higher education. Communication Education, 68(2), 235-245. [
DOI]
42. Novick, G. (2008). Is there a bias against telephone Interviews in qualitative research? Research in Nursing & Health, 31(4), 391-398. [
DOI]
43. Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1-13. [
DOI]
44. Oltmann, S. M. (2016). Qualitative interviews: A methodological discussion of the interviewer and respondent contexts. Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 17(2), Article 15. [
DOI]
45. Piscitello, V. J. (2006). Adjunct faculty: Branding ourselves in the new economy (Publication No. 137356671) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. University of Arizona. [
Article]
46. Qu, S. Q., & Dumay, J. (2011). The qualitative research interview. Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, 8(3), 238-264. [
DOI]
47. Schacter, D. L. (1999). The seven sins of memory: Insights from psychology and cognitive neuroscience. American Psychologist, 54(3), 182-203. [
DOI]
48. Schell, E. E., & Armour-Hileman, V. (2015). The new faculty majority: Changing conditions and a changing scholarly publication environment. In L. Guglielmo & L. L. Gaillet (Eds.), Contingent Faculty Publishing in Community: Case Studies for Successful Collaborations (pp. 1-19). Palgrave Macmillan. [
DOI]
49. Schutz, K. R. (2012). A comparison of community college full-time and adjunct faculties’ perceptions of factors associated with grade inflation (Publication No. 3541624). [Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. [
Article]
50. Schutz, K. R., Drake, B. M., & Lessner, J. (2013). Do community college full-time and adjunct faculties differ in their perceptions of rigor in assigning grades? American Journal of Educational Studies 6(2), 59-79.
51. Schutz, K. R., Drake, B. M., Lessner, J., & Hughes, G. F. (2015). A comparison of community college full-time and adjunct faculties’ perceptions of factors associated with grade inflation. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education, 63(3), 180-192. [
DOI]
52. Shapiro, S. P. (2005). Agency theory. Annual Review of Sociology, 31(1), 263-284. [
DOI]
53. Shi, Z. (2011). Dilemmas in using phenomenology to investigate elementary school children learning English as a second language. In Education, 17(1), 3-13. [
DOI]
54. Sonner, B. S. (2000). A is for “adjunct”: Examining grade inflation in higher education. Journal of Education for Business, 76(1), 5-8. [
DOI]
55. Stuckey, H. L. (2015). The second step in data analysis: Coding qualitative research data. Journal of Social Health and Diabetes, 3(1), 7-10. [
DOI]
56. Sturges, J. E., & Hanrahan, K. J. (2004). Comparing telephone and face-to-face qualitative interviewing: A research note. Qualitative Research, 4(1), 107-118. [
DOI]
57. Teherani, A., Martimianakis, T., Stenford-Hayes, T., Wadhwa, A., & Varpio, L. (2015). Choosing a qualitative research approach. Journal of Graduate Medical Education, 7(4), 669-670. [
DOI]
58. The Hanover Insurance Group. (2023). Don’t be held “captive” by non-independent insurance agents. [
Article]
59. Theofanidis, D., & Fountouki, A. (2018). Limitations and delimitations in the research process. Perioperative Nursing, 7(3), 155-164. [
DOI]
60. Tuckett, A. (2005). Part II. rigour in qualitative research: Complexities and solutions. Nurse Researcher, 13(1), 29-42. [
DOI]
61. Umbach, P. D. (2007). How effective are they? Exploring the impact of contingent faculty on undergraduate education. The Review of Higher Education, 30(2), 91-123. [
DOI]
62. Wasley, P., & Bartlett, T. (2008, September 05). Just say ’A’: Grade inflation undergoes reality check. The Chronicle of Higher Education. [
DOI]
63. Webb, Jr., D. E. (2007). Adjunct faculty: A boon or burden (Publication No. 338) [Doctoral dissertation, Mississippi State University]. Theses and Dissertations. [
Article]
64. Winzer, M. (2002). Grade inflation: An appraisal of the research. [
Article]
65. Wongsurawat, W. (2009). Does grade inflation affect the credibility of grades? Evidence from US law school admissions. Education Economics, 17(4), 523-534. [
DOI]
66. Yakoboski, P. J. (2014). Exploring emerging new faculty workforce models. A TIAA-CREF Institute Fellows Symposium. [
DOI]
67. Yakoboski, P. J. (2016). Adjunct views of adjunct positions. Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning, 48(3), 54-59. [
DOI]
68. Yang, H., & Yip, C. S. (2003). An economic theory of grade inflation. [
Article]
69. Zimmerman, A. (2002). Reduced rigor and grade inflation diminish the quality and credibility of higher education. NACTA Journal, 46(4), 49-51. [
Article]