1. Abbott, A. (2010). Varieties of ignorance. The American Sociologist, 41(2), 174-189. [
DOI]
2. Alfonseca, K. (2024, July 23). DEI: What does it mean and what is its purpose? ABC. [
Article]
3. Alibašić, H., Atkinson, C. L., & Pelcher, J. (2024). The liminal state of academic freedom: Navigating corporatization in higher education. Discover Education, 3, 7. [
DOI]
4. Alterman, E. (2013, October 24). 10 years of false equivalence and still going strong. Center for American Progress. [
Article]
5. American Heritage Education Foundation (AHEF) (2017, August 31). Why and how schools began in the United States: The Puritans supported education for Bible literacy. [
Article]
6. Apperson, M. (2020, February 19). Fairness to 'both sides' should not lead to false equivalence. PBS Standards. [
Article]
7. Asimov, I. (1980, January 21). A cult of ignorance. Newsweek, 75(4), 19. [
Article]
8. Baker, K. (2017, January 31). The politicization of everything: Is no part of American life safe from politics in the age of Trump? Politico Magazine. [
Article]
9. Barbier, L., Boudia, S., Goumri, M., & Moizard-Lanvin, J. (2021). Ignorance. Widening the focus. Revue d’Anthropologie des Connaissances, 15(15-4). [
DOI]
10. Barker, D. C., Detamble, R., & Marietta, M. (2022). Intellectualism, anti-intellectualism, and epistemic hubris in red and blue America. American Political Science Review, 116(1), 38-53. [
DOI]
11. Baron, J., & Jost, J. T. (2019). False equivalence: Are liberals and conservatives in the United States equally biased? Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(2), 292-303. [
DOI]
12. Baron, R. (2019, May). Please don't confuse your Google search with my medical degree [Video]. TED Conferences. [
Article]
13. Bartell, S. M. (2007). Relearning the learning organization: A meta theoretical analysis. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The Pennsylvania State University. [
Article]
14. Basit, A. (2021). Conspiracy theories and violent extremism: Similarities, differences and the implications. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 13(3), 1-9. [
DOI]
15. Bauder, D., Chase, R., & Mulvihill, G. (2023, April 19). Fox, Dominion reach $787M settlement over election claims. AP News. [
Article]
16. Benn, J. (2015). Anti-intellectualism in the age of contested knowledge production: Perpetual inaction, when ideas constrain discourse (Publication No. 1600506). [Master's Thesis, University of Colorado]. CU Scholar. [
Article]
17. Berezow, A. (2016, June 26). Anti-intellectualism is biggest threat to modern society. American Council on Science and Health (ACSH). [
Article]
18. Berg, A. E., Jungblut, J., & Jupskås, A. R. (2023). We don’t need no education? Education policies of Western European populist radical right parties. West European Politics, 46(7), 1312-1342. [
DOI]
19. Berg, T. C. (2019). Life patents, religion, and justice: A summary of themes. In T.C. Berg, R. Cholij, & S. Ravenscroft (Eds.), Patents on life: Religious, moral, and social justice aspects of biotechnology and intellectual property (pp.291-306). Cambridge University Press. [
DOI]
20. Betts, A. (2024, April 21). What to know about state laws that limit or ban D.E.I. efforts at colleges. The New York Times. [
Article]
21. Bocian, K., Cichocka, A., & Wojciszke, B. (2021). Moral tribalism: Moral judgments of actions supporting ingroup interests depend on collective narcissism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 93, 104098. [
DOI]
22. Bowes, S. M., Costello, T. H., & Tasimi, A. (2023). The conspiratorial mind: A meta-analytic review of motivational and personological correlates. Psychological Bulletin, 149(5-6), 259-293. [
DOI]
23. Brown, S. (2021. August 20). The rise of the elite anti-intellectual. Dissent. [
Article]
24. Burbules, N. C. (2022). Promoting critical thinking in anti-critical thinking times: Lessons from COVID discourse. Philosophical Inquiry in Education, 29(1), 5-10. [
DOI]
25. Burns, J. M. (2013). Fire and light: How the enlightenment transformed our world. Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press.
26. Burt, C. (2022, May 06). Woke-up call: UF president sends video to faculty to deal with DeSantis-backed bill. University Business. [
Article]
27. Cassam, Q. (2018). Epistemic insouciance. Journal of Philosophical Research, 43, 1-20. [
DOI]
28. Chakravartty, P., & Nesiah, V. (2024, April 05). Is this the end of academic freedom? The New York Times. [
Article]
29. Chambers College (n.d.). Christian liberal arts approach. [
Article]
30. Cheshier, D. M. (2019). Populists argue, but populism is not an argumentation (and why the distinction matters for argumentation theory). In C. Winkler (Ed.), Networking argument (pp. 83-88). Routledge.
31. Childs, D. (2020, May 11). The mis-education of the US populace: The danger of disinformation and anti-intellectualism in the age of the COVID-19 pandemic. Democracy & Me. [
Article]
32. Cole, M. B. (2023). The desperate radicalism of Orwell’s 1984: Power, socialism, and utopia in dystopian times. Political Research Quarterly, 76(1), 267-278. [
DOI]
33. Davis, D. H. (2003). Editorial: Thomas Jefferson and the “Wall of Separation” metaphor. Journal of Church and State, 45(1), 5-14. [
Article]
34. De Tocqueville, A. (1998). Democracy in America. Wordsworth Editions Limited.
35. Dewey, J. (1903). Democracy in education. The Elementary School Teacher, 4(4), 193-204. [
Article]
36. Dewitt, D. (2020, January 14). Ignorance is not bliss: The dangerous politics of anti-intellectualism. Ohio Capital Journal. [
Article]
37. Dholakia, U. (2020, July 27). What is cancel culture? Psychology Today. [
Article]
38. Díaz Villarreal, W. (2021). On a small glossary of academic anti-intellectualism. CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, 23(2). [
DOI]
39. Dodig-Crnkovic, G., Kade, D., Wallmyr, M., Holstein, T., & Almér, A. (2017). Transdisciplinarity seen through information, communication, computation, (inter-)action and cognition. In M. Burgin, & W. Hofkirchner (Eds.), Information studies and the quest for transdisciplinarity: Unity through diversity (pp. 217-261). World Scientific.
40. Douglass, J. A. (2023). US Universities face a red tide and a precipice: A neo-nationalism and university brief. Center for Studies in Higher Education. [
Article]
41. Druckman, J. N. (2022). Threats to science: Politicization, misinformation, and inequalities. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 700(1), 8-24. [
DOI]
42. Fedorova, M. (2012). Eggheads arise: How the discourse of anti-intellectualism shaped modern American politics [Unpublished Master’s thesis]. Washington State University. [
Article]
43. Florida Governor (2021, December 15). Governor DeSantis announces legislative proposal to stop W.O.K.E. activism and critical race theory in schools and corporations. [
Article]
44. Frankfurt, H. G. (2005). On bullshit. Princeton University Press.
45. Galen, R., Schmidt, S., Stevens, S., & Wilson, R. (n.d.). An idea called America. The Lincoln Project. [
Article]
46. Gamio, L., Lutz, E., & Sun, A. (2023, May 11). As emergency ends, a look at Covid’s U.S. death toll. The New York Times. [
Article]
47. Garry, P. M. (2023). Threats to academic freedom in higher education. Society, 60(2), 176-180. [
DOI]
48. Giroux, H. A. (2015). Neoliberalism’s war against higher education and the role of public intellectuals. Límite: Revista Interdisciplinaria de Filosofía y Psicología, 10(34), 5-16. [
Article]
49. Giroux, H. A. (2022). Pedagogy of resistance: Against manufactured ignorance. Bloomsbury Academic.
50. Goldin, C., & Katz, L. F. (1999). The shaping of higher education: The formative years in the United States, 1890 to 1940. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 13(1), 37-62. [
DOI]
51. Goodman, P. (2023, October 30). Advantages and disadvantages of the internet revolution. HubPages. [
Article]
52. Goodman, R. T. (2024). Higher education as the frontline of democracy: The case against Florida House Bill 233, the anti-shielding/intellectual viewpoint diversity/student recording legislative act. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 46(1), 64-84. [
DOI]
53. Hanley, R. (2023). Defense against the dark arts: Academic freedom meets the antiwoke crusade. AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom, 14. [
Article]
54. Hao, Z. (2020). Academic freedom under siege: What, why, and what is to be done. In Z. Hao, & P. Zabielskis (Eds.), Academic freedom under siege: Higher education in East Asia, the U.S. and Australia (pp. 1-36). Springer. [
DOI]
55. Hardy, T. (2023). Tropes of deception: Climate denial in the mainstream media is pervasive and dangerous – but how to spot it? RSA Journal, 169(3), 40-43. [
Article]
56. Hett, B. C. (2021, November 05). When politicians like JD Vance call professors like me the enemy, what's really going on? History News Network. [
Article]
57. History.com Editors (2025, February 27). The Puritans. [
Article]
58. Hofstadter, R. (1963). Anti-intellectualism in American life. Vintage Books.
59. Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural dimensions in people management: The socialization perspective. In V. Pucik , N. M. Tichy, & C. K. Barnett (Eds.), Globalizing management: Creating and leading the competitive organization (pp. 139-158). John Wiley.
60. Hotez, P. J. (2020). Anti-science extremism in America: Escalating and globalizing. Microbes and Infection, 22(10), 505-507. [
DOI]
61. Huang, E., Dorsey, J., Mosteller, C., & Chen, E. (2021). Understanding anti-intellectualism in the U.S. Studio ATAO. [
Article]
62. Huitsing, M. (2024, December 2). Fox News (foxnews.com) – Bias and credibility. Media Bias Fact Check LLC. [
Article]
63. Hytten, K. (2017). Democracy and education in the United States. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. Oxford University Press. [
DOI]
64. Jacoby, S. (2009). The age of American unreason. Vintage Books.
65. Jalonen, H. (2024). Ignorance in organisations – A systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 74(2), 909-950. [
DOI]
66. John, L. K., Blunden, H., & Liu, H. (2019). Shooting the messenger. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148(4), 644-666. [
DOI]
67. Johnson, H. C. (1992). “Down from the mountain”: Secularization and the higher learning in America. The Review of Politics, 54(4), 551-588. [
Article]
68. Jordan, M. M., & Whitmer, J. M. (2024). Why believe conspiracy theories? Contexts, 23(2), 24-29. [
DOI]
69. Jouet, M. (2017). Exceptional America: What divides Americans from the world and from each other. University of California Press.
70. Kabasakal Badamchi, D. (2022). Academic freedom: How to conceptualize and justify it? Philosophy & Social Criticism, 48(4), 619-630. [
DOI]
71. Kang, N. (2009). Puritanism and its impact upon American values. Review of European Studies, 1(2), 148-151. [
Article]
72. Kelly, M. (2021, December 09). Political polarization and its echo chambers: Surprising new, cross-disciplinary perspectives from Princeton. Princeton University. [
Article]
73. Kirstein, P. N. (2004). Academic freedom and the new McCarthyism. Situation Analysis, 3, 21-35. [
Article]
74. Klein, E., & Norris, P. (Hosts). (2022, November 11). A powerful theory of why the far right is thriving across the globe [Audio podcast]. In The Ezra Klein Show. The New York Times. [
Article]
75. Klein, M. M. (1997). Academic freedom at the University of Tennessee: The McCarthy era. The Journal of East Tennessee History, 69, 62-83. [
Article]
76. Kleinfeld, R. (2023, September 05). Polarization, democracy, and political violence in the United States: What the research says. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. [
Article]
77. Knobloch-Westerwick, S., Mothes, C., & Polavin, N. (2020). Confirmation bias, ingroup bias, and negativity bias in selective exposure to political information. Communication Research, 47(1), 104-124. [
DOI]
78. Kyle, J., & Meyer, B. (2020, February 07). High tide? Populism in power, 1990-2020. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change. [
Article]
79. Laruelle, M. (2022). Illiberalism: A conceptual introduction. East European Politics, 38(2), 303-327. [
DOI]
80. Lecklider, A. S. (2014, November 21). Are Americans really anti-intellectual? Scholars Strategy Network (SSN). [
Article]
81. Lerch, J. C., Frank, D. J., & Schofer, E. (2024). The social foundations of academic freedom: Heterogeneous institutions in world society, 1960 to 2022. American Sociological Review, 89(1), 88-125. [
DOI]
82. Long, C. D., Gardner, B. B., & Long, C. D. (1996). It came from Hollywood: Popular culture casts professors in a negative light. Academe, 82(4), 32-36. [
Article]
83. Lopez, G. (2021, July 06). How political polarization broke America’s vaccine campaign. Vox. [
Article]
84. Lunz Trujillo, K. (2022). Rural identity as a contributing factor to anti-intellectualism in the U.S. Political Behavior, 44(3), 1509-1532. [
DOI]
85. Lytle, D. (2018, August 22). “To Know God Aright”: Puritans and the gift of education II. [
Article]
86. Martinez, A., & Aubrey, A. (2022, May 16). How vaccine misinformation made the COVID-19 death toll worse. NPR. [
Article]
87. McManus, M. (2022, November 19). Why conservative intellectuals are anti-intellectual. Current Affairs. [
Article]
88. Means, A. J., Ida, Y., & Myers, M. (2024). Teaching beyond dread. Review of Education, Pedagogy, and Cultural Studies, 46(1), 1-7. [
DOI]
89. Merkley, E. (2020). Anti-intellectualism, populism, and motivated resistance to expert consensus. Public Opinion Quarterly, 84(1), 24-48. [
DOI]
90. Merkley, E., & Loewen, P. J. (2021). Anti-intellectualism and the mass public’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nature Human Behavior, 5, 706-715. [
DOI]
91. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-a). Anti-intellectualism. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. [
Article]
92. Merriam-Webster. (n.d.-b). Ignorance. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. [
Article]
93. Modreanu, S. (2017). The post-truth era? Human and Social Studies, 6(3), 7-9. [
DOI]
94. Moody, J. (2023, November 02). What do universities owe their donors? Inside Higher Education. [
Article]
95. Moore, J. D. (2017). Anti-intellectualism and student perceptions of higher education (Publication No. 10263349) [Doctoral dissertation, Mercer University]. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. [
Article]
96. Morley, J. (1986, August 11). The Washington intellectual. The New Republic. [
Article]
97. Moss, J. T., & O’Connor, P. J. (2020). Political correctness and the alt-right: The development of extreme political attitudes. PLoS One, 15(10), 1-22, e0239259. [
DOI]
98. Motta, M. (2018). The dynamics and political implications of anti-intellectualism in the United States. American Politics Research, 46(3), 465-498. [
DOI]
99. Mudde, C. (2004). The populist zeitgeist. Government and Opposition, 39(4), 541-563. [
DOI]
100. Mudde, C. (2018, October 02). Populism in the twenty-first century: An illiberal democratic response to undemocratic liberalism. Public Seminar (PS): A Global Intellectual Commons. [
Article]
101. Niose, D. (2015, June 23). Anti-intellectualism is killing America. Psychology Today. [
Article]
102. Norris, P. (2020a). Closed minds? Is a ‘cancel culture’ stifling academic freedom and intellectual debate in political science? (Harvard Kennedy School (HKS) Faculty Research Working Paper Series RWP20-025). [
Article]
103. Norris, P. (2020b). Measuring populism worldwide. Party Politics, 26(6), 697-717. [
DOI]
104. Olson, A., Hadero, H., & D’Innocenzio, A. (2024, January 14). As diversity, equity and inclusion comes under legal attack, companies quietly alter their programs. AP News. [
Article]
105. Online Etymology Dictionary. (n.d.). Puritan. In Online Etymology Dictionary. [
Article]
106. Ordway, D-M. (2017, September 01). Fake news and the spread of misinformation: A research roundup. The Journalist’s Resource. [
Article]
107. Pap, A. L. (2021). Academic freedom: A test and a tool for illiberalism, neoliberalism, and liberal democracy. The Brown Journal of World Affairs, 27(2), 105-126. [
Article]
108. Pascale, C-M. (2019). The weaponization of language: Discourses of rising right-wing authoritarianism. Current Sociology, 67(6), 898-917. [
DOI]
109. Paz, M. A., Montero-Díaz, J., & Moreno-Delgado, A. (2020). Hate speech: A systematized review. Sage Open, 10(4), 1-12. [
DOI]
110. Peels, R. (2010). What is ignorance? Philosophia, 38(1), 57-67. [
DOI]
111. Peters, M. A. (2019). Anti-intellectualism is a virus. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 51(4), 357-363. [
DOI]
112. Pinto, M. F. (2019). Scientific ignorance: Probing the limits of scientific research and knowledge production. Theoria, 34(2), 195-211. [
DOI]
113. Pritchard, D. (2021). Ignorance and normativity. Philosophical Topics, 49(2), 225-244. [
Article]
114. Proctor, R. N., & Schiebinger, L. (Eds.). (2008). Agnotology: The making and unmaking of ignorance. Stanford University Press.
115. Renze, M. (2021, January 15). Escaping your information bubble. [
Article]
116. Roy, D. (2024, March 03). How to tackle truth decay. The Atlantic. [
Article]
117. Russell-Brown, K. (2023). "The Stop WOKE Act": HB 7, race, and Florida's 21st century anti-literacy campaign. NYU Review of Law and Social Change, 47(2), 338-386. [
Article]
118. Ryken, L. (n.d.). The original Puritan work ethic. Christian History Institute. [
Article]
119. Salzmann, K. J. (2018, June 19). The politicization of everything. National Review. [
Article]
120. Sarkis, S. (2019, May 19). This is not equal to that: How false equivalence clouds our judgment. Forbes. [
Article]
121. Schneider, B. (2023, March 19). Grievance politics, rather than problem solving, now at the heart of Republican Party. The Hill. [
Article]
122. Schofer, E., Lerch, J. C., & Meyer, J. W. (2022). Illiberal reactions to higher education. Minerva, 60(4), 509-534. [
DOI]
123. Schwartz, S. (2021, June 11). Map: Where critical race theory is under attack. Education Week. [
Article]
124. Scott, J. W. (2017). On free speech and academic freedom. Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 70(4), 14-19. [
Article]
125. Scott, K. M. (2014). Toppling the ivory tower: Coded anti-intellectualism in American political discourse. [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Washington. [
Article]
126. Scussel, E. C. (2024). Manufacturing ignorance: Agnotology, epistemology, and education policy. [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Georgia State University. [
DOI]
127. Scussel, E. C., & Norris, J. E. (2023). “That sounds scary, let's ban it:” Analyzing manufactured ignorance & the attack on critical race theory in K-12 Schools. Thresholds in Education, 46(1), 48-60. [
Article]
128. Seitz, L. (2023, June 27). Cable news ratings: How MSNBC, CNN and Fox News stacked up in the 2nd Quarter ratings. The Wrap. [
Article]
129. Shipton, C. K. (1958). The Puritan influence in education. Pennsylvania History: A Journal of Mid-Atlantic Studies, 25(3), 223-233. [
Article]
130. Shogan, C. J. (2007). Anti-intellectualism in the modern presidency: A republican populism. Perspectives on Politics, 5(2), 295-303. [
DOI]
131. Sidky, H. (2018). The war on science, anti-intellectualism, and ‘alternative ways of knowing’ in 21st-century America. Skeptical Inquirer, 42(2). [
Article]
132. Smithson, M. (2015). Afterward: Ignorance studies. In M. Gross, & L. McGoey (Eds.), Routledge International Handbook of Ignorance Studies (pp. 385-397). Routledge.
133. Sokal, A. (2008). Beyond the hoax: Science, philosophy and culture. Oxford University Press.
134. Šrol, J. & Galasová, M. (2022). Intellectualism and analytical thinking: Are they related? Personality and Individual Differences, 199, 111842. [
DOI]
135. Stel, N., (2019). Ignorance. In P. Atkinson, S. Delamont, A. Cernat, J.W. Sakshaug, & R.A. Williams (Eds.), SAGE Research Methods Foundations. SAGE Publications Ltd.
136. Sterling, R. A. (2024a, March 23). The perilous path of anti-intellectualism in American society. Medium. [
Article]
137. Sterling, R. A. (2024b, April 20). The phenomenon of anti-intellectualism: A challenge in the modern age. Medium. [
Article]
138. Sullivan, S., & Tuana, N. (2007). Introduction. In S. Sullivan & N. Tuana (Eds.), Race and epistemologies of ignorance (pp. 1-10). State University of New York Press.
139. Sultana, F. (2018). The false equivalence of academic freedom and free speech: Defending academic integrity in the age of white supremacy, colonial nostalgia, and anti-intellectualism. ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies, 17(2), 228-257. [
DOI]
140. Szalai, J. (2017, October 17). Why is ‘politicization’ so partisan? The New York Times Magazine. [
Article]
141. Tewksbury, D., & Rittenberg, J. (2012). Information democratization. In News on the internet: Information and citizenship in the 21st Century (pp. 144-159). Oxford University Press. [
DOI]
142. The Young Turks (TYT) (2024, April 06). Roseanne Barr has an unhinged message from Mar-A-Lago [Video]. YouTube. [
Article]
143. Unal, D. (2024). Populists’ struggle for epistemic hegemony and anti-gender attacks on higher education in authoritarian contexts: The case of Turkey. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 1-20. [
DOI]
144. Vintage News Daily (2021, February 24). Us Tareyton smokers would rather fight than switch! [
Article]
145. Wallace, D. P., & Van Fleet, C. (2005). From the editors: The democratization of information? Wikipedia as a reference resource. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 45(2), 100-103. [
Article]
146. West, D. M. (2022, September 08). Why academic freedom challenges are dangerous for democracy. Brookings. [
Article]
147. Worthen, M. (2014). Apostles of reason: The crisis of authority in American evangelicalism. Oxford University Press.
148. Young, J. G. (2017). Making America 1920 Again? Nativism and US immigration, past and present. Journal on Migration and Human Security, 5(1), 217-235. [
DOI]
149. Zadronzy, B. (2024, January 18). Disinformation poses an unprecedented threat in 2024 — and the U.S. is less ready than ever. NBC News. [
Article]
150. Zavattaro, S. M., & Bearfield, D. (2022). Weaponization of wokeness: The theater of management and implications for public administration. Public Administration Review, 82(3), 585-593. [
DOI]