1. Al-Asfour, A., Crocco, O., & Shield, S.W. (2024). Leading tribal colleges and universities: Perspectives on the skills and experiences needed to lead indigenous higher education. Higher Education Quarterly, 78(4), e12535. [
DOI]
2. Al-Asfour, A., Keleher, J., & Freeman Jr, S. (2021). Preparation for college and university leadership before the age of 40. Journal of Research on the College President, 5(1), 3. [
DOI]
3. Artis, L., & Bartel, S. (2021). Filling the leadership pipeline: A qualitative study examining leadership development practices and challenges facing community college presidents in Illinois. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 45(9), 674-686. [
DOI]
4. Balinda, J. (2023). The impact of mentorship programs on career advancement and satisfaction. International Journal of Human Resource, 1(1), 36-47. [
Article]
5. Barrett, G. E. (2020). Exploring the role of mentoring networks in the career development of women community college leaders. Journal of Applied Research in the Community College, 27(2), 37-50. [
Article]
6. Birnbaum, R., & Umbach, P. D. (2001). Scholar, steward, spanner, stranger: The four career paths of college presidents. The Review of Higher Education, 24(3), 203-217. [
DOI]
7. BlackChen, M. (2015). To lead or not to lead: Women achieving leadership status in higher education. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 35, 153-159. [
DOI]
8. Blackwood, J., & Brown-Welty, S. (2011). Mentoring and interim positions: Pathways to leadership for women of color. In G. Jean-Marie & B. Lioyd-Jones (Eds.), Women of color in higher education: Changing directions and new perspectives (Vol. 10, pp. 109-133). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
9. Boveda, M., & Annamma, S. A. (2023). Beyond making a statement: An intersectional framing of the power and possibilities of positioning. Educational Researcher, 52(5), 306-314. [
DOI]
10. Briscoe, K. L., & Freeman Jr, S. (2019). The role of mentorship in the preparation and success of university presidents. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 27(4), 416-438. [
DOI]
11. Campbell, M. (2003). Leadership styles of successful tribal college presidents. University of Montana Ph.D. Dissertation. [
Article]
12. Campbell, S., Mueller, K., & Souza, J. M. (2010). Shared leadership experiences of women community college presidents. Journal of Women in Educational Leadership, 8(1), 19-32. [
Article]
13. Chang, H., Longman, K. A., & Franco, M. A. (2014). Leadership development through mentoring in higher education: A collaborative autoethnography of leaders of color. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 22(4), 373-389. [
DOI]
14. Clark, T. (2019). Self-perceived servant leadership characteristics: Testing for differences in Citadel cadets. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 12(1), 42-67. [
Article]
15. Commodore, F., Freeman Jr, S., Gasman, M., & Carter, C. M. (2016). “How it’s done”: The role of mentoring and advice in preparing the next generation of historically Black college and university presidents. Education Sciences, 6(2), 19. [
DOI]
16. Commodore, F., Lockett, A. W., Johnson, A. C., Googe, C., & Covington, M. (2020). Controlling images, comments, and online communities: A critical discourse analysis of conversations about Black Women HBCU presidents. Women's Studies International Forum, 78, 102330. [
DOI]
17. Conrad, C., & Gasman, M. (2015). Educating a diverse nation: Lessons from Minority Serving Institutions. Harvard University Press.
18. Crazy Bull, C. (2017). Tribal colleges and university leaders: Warriors in spirit and in action. In R. T. Palmers, D. C. Maramba, A. T. Arroyo, T. O. Allen, T. F. Boykin, & J. M. Lee, Jr. (Eds.), Effective Leadership at minority-serving institutions: Exploring opportunities and challenges for leadership (pp. 150-166). Routledge.
19. Delgado, M. Y., & Ozuna Allen, T. (2019). Case studies of women of color leading community colleges in Texas: Navigating the leadership pipeline through mentoring and culture. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 43(10-11), 718-729. [
DOI]
20. Eddy, P. L. (2005). Framing the role of leader: How community college presidents construct their leadership. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 29(9-10), 705-727. [
DOI]
21. Eddy, P. L. (2008). Reflections of women leading community colleges. The Community College Enterprise, 14(1), 49-66.
22. Eddy, P. L., Liu, E., & Hartman, C. (2019). Portraits of rural community college leaders. New Directions for Community Colleges, 2019(187), 51-61. [
DOI]
23. Esters, L. T., Washington, A., Gasman, M., Commodore, F., O’Neal, B., Freeman, S., Carter, C., & Jimenez, C. D. (2016). Effective leadership: A toolkit for the 21st-century historically Black college and university president. Penn Center for Minority Serving Institutions. [
Article]
24. Freeman Jr, S., & Gasman, M. (2014). The characteristics of historically black college and university presidents and their role in grooming the next generation of leaders. Teachers College Record, 116(7), 1-34. [
DOI]
25. Freeman Jr, S., Commodore, F., Gasman, M., & Carter, C. (2016). Leaders wanted! The skills expected and needed for a successful 21st century historically Black college and university presidency. Journal of Black Studies, 47(6), 570-591. [
DOI]
26. Garces, L. M., & Cogburn, C. D. (2015). Beyond declines in student body diversity: How campus-level administrators understand a prohibition on race-conscious postsecondary admissions policy. American Educational Research Journal, 52(5), 828-860. [
DOI]
27. Garcia, G. A. (2019). Becoming Hispanic-serving institutions: Opportunities for colleges and universities. Johns Hopkins University Press.
28. Garcia, G. A. (2023). Transforming Hispanic-serving institutions for equity and justice. Johns Hopkins University Press.
29. Gasman, M. (Ed.). (2013). The history of U.S. higher education: Methods for understanding the past. Routledge.
30. Gasman, M., & Esters, L. T. (2024). HBCU: The power of Historically Black colleges and universities. Johns Hopkins University Press.
31. Gasman, M., Baez, B., & Turner, C. S. V. (Eds.). (2008). Understanding Minority-Serving Institutions. SUNY Press.
32. Gasman, M., Ekpe, L., Ginsberg, A. C., Lockett, A. W., & Samayoa, A. C. (2023). Why aspiring leaders choose to lead Historically Black colleges and universities. Innovative Higher Education, 48(4), 637-654. [
DOI]
33. Gasman, M., Ekpe, L., Ginsberg, A., Washington Lockett, A., & Samayoa, A. C. (2021). Understanding the motivations of future minority serving institution presidents. Journal of Higher Education Policy and Leadership Studies, 2(3), 7-28. [
DOI]
34. Gasman, M., Ekpe, L., Samayoa, A., & Ginsberg, A. (2025). Exploring how emergent leaders strive for presidential roles at Hispanic Serving Institutions. Innovative Higher Education, 50(1), 135-153. [
DOI]
35. Gasman, M., Spencer, D., & Orphan, C. (2015). Building bridges, not fences: A history of civic engagement at private Black colleges and universities, 1944-1965. History of Education Quarterly, 55(3), 346-379. [
DOI]
36. Ghouralal, S. L. (2019). Mere cracks in the academic glass ceiling: Why are women so underrepresented in higher education leadership. Engaged Sociology, 211-229. [
Article]
37. Golden, C. C. (2014). Increasing the diversity pipeline in higher education leadership through succession planning. Journal of Higher Education Management, 29(1), 22-29. [
Article]
38. Greenleaf, R. K. (1971). Servant leadership: A journey into the nation of legitimate power and greatness. Greenleaf Center for Servant Leadership.
39. Grotrian-Ryan, S. (2015). Mentoring functions and their application to the American Council on Education (ACE) fellows’ leadership development program. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring, 13(1), 87-105. [
Article]
40. Gutierrez, M., Castañeda, C., & Katsinas, S. G. (2002). Latino leadership in community colleges: Issues and challenges. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 26(4), 297-314. [
DOI]
41. Hague, L. Y., & Okpala, C. O. (2017). Voices of African American women leaders on factors that impact their career advancement in North Carolina community colleges. Journal of Research Initiatives, 2(3), 3. [
Article]
42. Hartley III, H. V., & Godin, E. E. (2009). A study of career patterns of the presidents of independent colleges and universities. Council of Independent Colleges. [
Article]
43. Hill, L. H., & Wheat, C. A. (2017). The influence of mentorship and role models on university women leaders’ career paths to university presidency. The Qualitative Report, 22(8), 2090-2111. [
DOI]
44. Holmes, S. L. (2004). An overview of African American college presidents: A game of two steps forward, one step backward, and standing still. The Journal of Negro Education, 73(1), 21-39. [
DOI]
45. Hull, J. R., & Keim, M. C. (2007). Nature and status of community college leadership development programs. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 31(9), 689-702. [
DOI]
46. Hytrek, L. G. (2000). Institutional type and the mentoring of women in higher education administration. The University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Ph.D. Dissertation. [
Article]
47. Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
48. Lockett, A. W. (2019). Applying a Fit Perspective: A Portraiture Study of Short-Tenure Presidents at Historically Black Colleges and Universities. University of Pennsylvania, Ph.D. Dissertation. [
Article]
49. Madsen, S. R. (2008). On becoming a woman leader: Learning from the experiences of university presidents. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
50. Manuelito-Kerkvliet, C. (2005). Widening the circle: Mentoring and the learning process for American Indian women in tribal college administration. University of Oregon, Ph.D. Dissertation. [
Article]
51. Martin III, Q. (2020). The climb to the top: Advice for aspiring Black and African American college and university presidents. Journal of Research on the College President, 4(1), 5. [
DOI]
52. Martin III, Q. (2021). Preparing the next generation of community college leaders: The role of community college leadership programs. The Community College Enterprise, 27(2), 9-19. [
Article]
53. McFarlin, C. H., Crittenden, B. J., & Ebbers, L. H. (1999). Background factors common among outstanding community college presidents. Community College Review, 27(3), 19-32. [
DOI]
54. Mcilongo, M., & Strydom, K. (2021). The significance of mentorship in supporting the career advancement of women in the public sector. Heliyon, 7(6), e07321. [
DOI]
55. Merriam, S. B., & Thomas, T. K. (1986). The role of mentoring in the career development of community college presidents. Community Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice, 10(3), 177-191. [
DOI]
56. Merriam, S. B., Thomas, T. K., & Zeph, C. P. (1987). Mentoring in higher education: What we know now. The Review of Higher Education, 11(2), 199-210. [
DOI]
57. Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
58. Montas-Hunter, S. S. (2012). Self-efficacy and Latina leaders in higher education. Journal of Hispanic Higher Education, 11(4), 315-335. [
DOI]
59. Muñoz, M. (2009). In their own words and by the numbers: A mixed-methods study of Latina community college presidents. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 34(1-2), 153-174. [
DOI]
60. Neumann, A. (1990). Making mistakes: Error and learning in the college presidency. The Journal of Higher Education, 61(4), 386-407. [
DOI]
61. Oikelome, G. (2017). Pathway to the president: The perceived impact of identity structures on the journey experiences of women college presidents. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 19(3), 23-40. [
DOI]
62. Ortega, G., Aguilar-Smith, S., Lizalde, G., & Porras, C. (2024). Barriers to power: Exploring the troubled trajectories of Latinx executive leaders at Hispanic-Serving Institutions. Innovative Higher Education, 49(2), 299-317. [
DOI]
63. Palmer, R. T., & Freeman Jr, S. (2020). Examining the perceptions of unsuccessful leadership practices for presidents at historically Black colleges and universities. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 13(3), 254-263. [
DOI]
64. Palmer, R. T., Maramba, D. C., Arroyo, A. T., Allen, T. O., Boykin, T. F., & Lee Jr, J. M. (Eds.). (2017). Effective leadership at minority-serving institutions. Routledge.
65. Penny, J., & Gaillard, L. (2006). Mentoring African American women in higher education administration. Race, Gender & Class, 13(1-2), 191-200. [
Article]
66. Phelps, D. G., Taber, L. S., & Smith, C. (1997). African American community college presidents. Community College Review, 24(4), 3-26. [
DOI]
67. Pichon, H. W., & Mutakabbir, Y. (Eds.). (2021). African American leadership and mentoring through purpose, preparation, and preceptors. IGI Global.
68. Ramey, F. H. (1995). Obstacles faced by African American women administrators in higher education: How they cope. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 19(2), 113-119.
69. Ravitch, S. M., & Carl, N. M. (2019). Qualitative research: Bridging the conceptual, theoretical, and methodological (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
70. Reille, A., & Kezar, A. (2010). Balancing the pros and cons of community college “grow-your-own” leadership programs. Community College Review, 38(1), 59-81. [
DOI]
71. Reis, T. C., & Grady, M. (2020). Moving mentorship to opportunity for women university presidents. International Journal of Evidence Based Coaching and Mentoring,18(1), 31-42. [
DOI]
72. Roe, M. A., & Baker, G. A. (1989). The development of community college leaders: A challenge for our future. Community College Review, 16(4), 5-16. [
DOI]
73. Romano, C. D. (2020). Training the next generation of public college presidents: Advancing a framework to prepare aspiring college presidents. Creighton University, Ph.D. Dissertation. [
Article]
74. Searby, L., Ballenger, J., & Tripses, J. (2015). Climbing the ladder, holding the ladder: The mentoring experiences of higher education female leaders. Advancing Women in Leadership Journal, 35, 98-107. [
DOI]
75. Smith, D. T., & Crawford, K. (2007). Climbing the ivory tower: Recommendations for mentoring African American women in higher education. Race, Gender & Class, 14(1-2), 253-265. [
Article]
76. Smith-Adams, C. (2022). Path to college presidency: Being African American and female. In J. T. Butcher (Ed.), Black female leaders in academia: Eliminating the glass ceiling with efficacy, exuberance, and excellence (pp. 213-232). IGI Global.
77. Strom, S. L., Sanchez, A. A., & Downey-Schilling, J. (2011). Inside-outside: Finding future community college leaders. The Community College Enterprise, 17(1), 9-21. [
Article]
78. Thelin, J. R. (2011). A history of American higher education (2nd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press.
79. Tolar, M. H. (2012). Mentoring experiences of high-achieving women. Advances in Developing Human Resources, 14(2), 172-187. [
DOI]
80. Tran, N. A. (2014). The role of mentoring in the success of women leaders of color in higher education. Mentoring & Tutoring: Partnership in Learning, 22(4), 302-315. [
DOI]
81. Tunheim, K. A., & Goldschmidt, A. N. (2013). Exploring the role of calling in the professional journeys of college presidents. Journal of Leadership, Accountability, and Ethics, 10(4), 30-40.
82. Tunheim, K., McLean, G., & Goldschmidt, A. (2015). Women presidents in higher education: How they experience their calling. Intersections, 2015(42), 10. [
Article]
83. van Dierendonck, D., & Nuijten, I. (2011). The servant leadership survey: Development and validation of a multidimensional measure. Journal of Business and Psychology, 26(3), 249-267. [
DOI]
84. VanDerLinden, K. E. (2004). Gender differences in the preparation and promotion of community college administrators. Community College Review, 31(4), 1-24. [
DOI]
85. Wallin, D. L., & Johnson, B. (2007). The risks, rewards, and realities of college presidents. Community College Journal, 77(4), 23.
86. Wright, T. B. (2015). Presidential leadership: Selecting competent leadership at the nation’s historically black colleges and universities. Journal of Higher Education Management, 30(1), 178-190. [
Article]